Nei nostri studi una percentuale significativa di ragazze si rivolge a noi per disturbi alimentari di vario tipo, e in particolare di anoressia. È un dato allarmante, che conferma le statistiche su più larga scala della nostra società. Accanto ai “ grandi classici” ansia e depressione, infatti, i disturbi alimentari sono tra i disagi psicologici più frequenti in età giovanile.
L’anoressia può colpire anche i ragazzi, ma rimane ancora un disturbo principalmente femminile, e colpisce soprattutto la fascia d’età 14-24 anni. L’anoressia si manifesta in due modi diversi:
– con restrizioni, determinata quindi dalla riduzione costante della quantità di cibo ingerito.
– con abbuffate e successive condotte di eliminazione, ossia un’alimentazione compulsiva seguita da tecniche di compensazione, come vomito autoindotto, abuso di lassativi e diuretici, iperattività fisica.
La persona anoressica è talmente ossessionata dal cibo che la propria vita diventa totalmente incentrata sulla questione alimentare, impedendo così di provare interesse ed entusiasmo verso qualsiasi altra cosa.
Le cause scatenanti possono essere varie: da sempre la psicologia attribuisce la “colpa” dell’anoressia alle madri, poiché spesso si evidenzia la presenza di relazioni problematiche, in cui la figlia non si sente riconosciuta né degna di amore. In altri casi, invece, la causa scatenante va ricercata nel rapporto con il padre, o ancora in eventi traumatici avvenuti durante l’infanzia.
Qualunque sia stato il motivo, le ragazze anoressiche finiscono in una trappola da cui è difficile uscirne, anche perché spesso vi è una scarsa consapevolezza della gravità del problema oppure lo si sottovaluta. In realtà le conseguenze dei disturbi alimentari sono molto pesanti. Dal punto di vista fisico, gli effetti della malnutrizione possono causare ulcere intestinali e danni permanenti ai tessuti dell’apparato digerente, disidratazione, danni a gengive e denti, seri problemi cardiaci, al fegato e ai reni, problemi al sistema nervoso, con difficoltà di concentrazione e di memorizzazione, danni al sistema osseo, con aumento delle probabilità di fratture e di osteoporosi, blocco della crescita, emorragie interne, ipotermia e ghiandole ingrossate. Dal punto di vista psicologico, invece, si possono scatenare sintomi quali depressione, un basso livello di autostima, senso di vergogna e colpa, difficoltà a mantenere relazioni sociali e familiari, sbalzi di umore, tendenza a comportamenti maniacali, propensione al perfezionismo.
In alcune situazioni particolarmente rischiose per la vita della persona è necessario ricorrere ad un ricovero in ospedale o in una struttura preposta al trattamento dei disturbi alimentari, in cui si possa intervenire in sinergia su entrambi gli aspetti della salute, fisica e psichica. In generale, anche nei casi meno a rischio, la terapia migliore consiste nell’affiancare un percorso alimentare con un dietista, che stabilisce la dieta idonea da seguire, e un aiuto psicoterapeutico, per risolvere i disagi sottostanti al disturbo alimentare.
Autore: Dott.ssa Valentina Galuppo
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